Wholesale prices
We use the official day-ahead prices of the single European market coupling (SDAC). Since 1 October 2025 the market works in 15-minute periods, so each day has 96 prices (92 or 100 on clock-change days).
Where two official sources publish the same zone, both are stored and compared; differences above €0.05/MWh are flagged before anything is shown.
Switzerland and Great Britain are outside this coupling, and their own day-ahead auctions still set one price per hour. For Great Britain we use the N2EX auction run by Nord Pool, as published by the National Energy System Operator (NESO), and convert pounds at the European Central Bank's reference rate of the day.
Final price estimate
For countries with a full model we add the official taxes, network charges and VAT valid on that day, plus a sample supplier margin you can see in the breakdown. Fixed monthly or daily fees are not spread over the kWh price.
Rates change over time, and the estimate follows them: for the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Denmark, Belgium and Luxembourg the monthly reports use the values in force in each month since January 2024, for Portugal since June 2024, for Poland since 24 August 2024, the day dynamic-price contracts became available, for Austria, Czechia and Sweden since January 2026 and for Slovenia since March 2026. Temporary changes are included too, for example Spain's VAT and electricity-tax cuts in 2024 and in spring 2026, and Luxembourg's state-funded credit through the renewables compensation mechanism (−€0.1155 per kWh in 2024, −€0.0376 in 2025, −€0.0010 from January to July 2026 and −€0.0371 from 1 August 2026, before 8% VAT). Luxembourg's estimate runs to the end of 2026; we add 2027 once the regulator has set the new values.
The estimate is a guide, not an offer. Your own contract and grid area may differ.
Cheapest windows
Windows are the cheapest uninterrupted run of quarter-hours of the chosen length. For appliances we assume the energy is drawn evenly over the programme.
Times
All times are local time of the country shown. Day boundaries follow local midnight, including daylight-saving changes. In Portugal and Great Britain the market day runs from 23:00 to 23:00 local time, which is midnight to midnight in central Europe.
Day-ahead prices from official market data. Sources and licences are listed on the data sources page. Data sources